The Bryan City Council met Tuesday night. Here are the highlights:
Council approved all items on the statutory agenda which included $11,953,624.50 in spending. Approximately $2-million of that will go towards the design of a new wastewater pump station and design of an aquifer storage and recovery project. Just over $5-million dollars will cover street maintenance and repairs.
An amendment to the city code was passed regarding benches in city cemeteries. All new benches must made of natural stone. Existing metal benches will be allowed to remain for up to twelve months before the city removes them, because the lightweight benches are not standing up to wind and other elements. They will be removed sooner if they show signs of damage.
The hot topic of the night was an ordinance that would change the way BTU compensates customers with solar panels. Several residents showed up to speak in opposition of the change. Councilwoman Marca Ewers-Shurtleff suggested grandfathering the 815 current solar customers with the existing agreement. Ultimately, after an hour of discussions, the council voted to pass the ordinance as written, meaning BTU will terminate the existing contracts and require customers with solar panels to sign a new agreement. BTU currently has 71,000 customers, meaning the 815 customers make up 1.1% of their customer base.
Below, you will find the statutory agenda in its entirety. This will explain the specifics of the amounts paid and to whom. This is the nearly $12-million that was approved:
Approval of a Professional Services Contract for Design of a New Wastewater Pump Station to CDM Smith in the not to exceed amount of $1,165,200.
- Water Services respectfully requests City Council’s approval of a professional services contract with CDM Smith (“CDM”) in the not to exceed amount of $1,165,200. The professional services contract is for the design of a new wastewater pump station providing service to the future Brushy Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). Deliverables include preparation of design level bidding documents, site layout, equipment selection, and utilities coordination. The proposed pump station will be built in two phases. The initial phase (presented herein) is sized to accommodate an average daily flow of 3.0 million gallons per day (mgd) and a peak flow of 21.0 mgd. The design services provided in this contract serve as the cornerstone for the pump station’s ultimate build-out, which will expand the pumping capacity to a future average daily flow of 7.9 mgd and future peak flow of 44.0 mgd. Future equipment and machinery spacing requirements for future phases have been incorporated into the Phase 1 design.
- The pump station plays a critical role in the sewer conveyance strategy for East Bryan. The station will be constructed north of Highway 6 and University Drive and strategically located between two existing sewer mains currently served by the Burton Creek WWTP. Both sewer mains will be redirected to the pump station for transmission to the Brushy Creek WWTP for treatment. The redirected sewer flow is approximately 2.0 million gallons per day (mgd), representing roughly 40% of the Burton Creek WWTP’s average daily treated volume.
- The pump station’s wet-weather pumping capacity has been intentionally sized at 21 MGD to mitigate weather-related sewer capacity constraints within the Burton Creek Sewer Basin. Hydraulic modeling indicates one of the rerouted sewer mains experiences significant backwater when the Burton Creek WWTP raw lift pump station reaches capacity. The proposed pump station capitalizes on this condition through a “spillover” approach, allowing excess flow from the Burton Creek WWTP to enter the pump station and conveyed to the Brushy Creek WWTP for treatment.
- The presented contract is for design services of the pump station only. A separate contract for City Council’s consideration for design of the force main and rerouting of the gravity sewer is also on this same agenda for consideration. Both firms selected for this work will collaborate and work in parallel in their design efforts.
- The contract under consideration allows thirteen (13) months for design and three (3) months to advertisement for a total of sixteen (16) months for design and advertisement. A separate request for construction of the pump station will be presented separately to the City Council for consideration.
- The presented contract allows for four (4) deliverables:
- Project Management $29,100
- Lift Station Design $877,700
- Supplemental Services $217,900 [environmental, permitting, and utility coordination]
- Proposal Phase $40,500
Total $1,165,200
AND TO PAY FOR IT –> Adoption of a Reimbursement Resolution to reimburse the Wastewater Fund from a future bond issuance(s) for the not to exceed amount of $1,165,200 providing project design for the Highway 6 Pump Station
Approval of a Professional Services Contract for Design and Routing of a New Force Main to Goodwin-Lasiter, Inc for a not to exceed amount of $806,500.
- Water Services respectfully requests City Council approval of a professional services contract with Goodwin-Lasiter, Inc., d/b/a GLS “GLS”, in a not-to-exceed amount of $806,500. The proposed design services are necessary to implement the sewer conveyance strategy for East Bryan by transitioning wastewater flows from the Burton Creek Sewer Basin to the Brushy Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). Under this contract, GLS will reroute two existing sewer mains (presently served by Burton Creek WWTP) to a proposed pump station and design the alignment and layout of the force main to convey wastewater from the pump station to the Brushy Creek WWTP.
- The pump station and its associated pipelines play a critical role in the sewer conveyance strategy for East Bryan. The facility will be constructed north of Highway 6 and University Drive and strategically located between two existing sewer mains currently served by the Burton Creek WWTP. Both sewer mains will be redirected to the proposed pump station for transmission to Brushy Creek WWTP for treatment. The redirected flow is approximately 2.0 million gallons per day (mgd), representing about 40 percent of the Burton Creek WWTP’s average daily treated volume. A future project will reroute the remaining portion of Burton Creek’s Sewer Basin and will allow decommissioning of Burton Creek WWTP.
- GLS will be responsible for completing a boundary survey to identify legal boundaries, encroachments, and required easements associated with the rerouting of the gravity sewer mains and the proposed force main alignment. The design services under this contract include approximately 24,000 linear feet of pipeline. Additional deliverables include development of a pump station site plan and completion of site permitting, coordination with the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) for driveway access from the highway feeder road to the pump station, and support during project bidding. Lastly, GLS will identify a preliminary routing and provide an opinion of probable cost for a future gravity sewer line running between Burton Creek WWTP and the proposed pump station to allow full transfer of the Burton Creek Sewer Basin to Brushy Creek WWTP.
- The presented contract is for design services for pipeline work associated with the proposed pump station. A separate contract for City Council’s consideration regarding design service for the proposed pump station is also on this same agenda. Both firms selected for this work will collaborate, and work in parallel, in their design efforts.
- The presented contract allows for nine (9) deliverables to be completed by July 23, 2027:
- Design/Boundary/Easement Surveying $215,000
- Design Survey for Lift Station $29,000
- Boundary/Platting Surveying for Lift Station $59,000
- Civil Engineering $434,000
- Site Plan Permit for Lift Station $6,500
- TxDOT Driveway Permit for Lift Station $5,000
- Preliminary Gravity Sewerline Route Study $12,000
- Bid Phase $6,000
- Construction Phase $40,000
Total $806,500
AND TO PAY FOR IT –> Adoption of a Reimbursement Resolution to reimburse the Wastewater Fund from a future bond issuance(s) for the not to exceed amount of $806,500 providing project design for the Highway 6 Pump Station Force Main (City Project Number 411-D4-2612)
Approval of a Design Services Contract for the final design phase, bid phase services, well drilling observation services, and engineering services during the construction of the City of Bryan Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) project, City Job Number 611-D6-2609, to CDM Smith for the not-to-exceed amount of $1,999,300.
- In November 2017, the City entered into a contract with the engineering firm of CDM Smith (CDM) for Phase II of a project to study Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) as a Water Management Strategy to secure water supplies to meet future demands of the City out to the Year 2070. The ASR aspect of this conjunctive use strategy fully utilizes the current well capacities by pumping at the allowable rate year-round. During times when water demand is less than the amount of water being produced from the production wells, the excess water can be pumped into the ASR wells and stored. This water can be recovered from the ASR wells when Bryan’s demand exceeds the amount available due to regulatory constraints.
- The Phase II contract with CDM consisted of converting the City’s existing Well #10 into a temporary pilot ASR well to study the effectiveness of injecting and recovering water from the aquifer. The ASR pilot project proved promising for the overall success of ASR as a Water Management Strategy for the City.
- Phase III of this project advanced the preliminary engineering design, which included defining the exact location of land parcels and easements required for two (2) ASR wells, as well as completion of critical Permitting tasks, including acquiring Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) Under Ground Injection Control, (UIC) Class V ASR permits.
- This proposed contract implements Phase IV of this project, which has the primary objectives of completing the design, bidding, and construction of two construction contracts. The first contract is for site preparation, drilling, and testing of two (2) ASR wells. The second contract is for the ASR system infrastructure components, including well pumps and motors, downhole control valves, wellhead appurtenances, raw water conveyances, a booster pump station, electrical power supply, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) instrumentation, and sitework (access roadways and fencing).
- The wells are expected to be drilled to approximately 3,000 feet with individual recharge capacities of approximately 2,000 gallons per minute (gpm) and recovery capacities of 3,000 gpm. Planned initial construction includes two vertical turbine pumps of capacities of 2,000 gpm with ultimate system capability of 3,000 gpm, with future improvements when needed. The system includes approximately 4,800 feet of raw water conveyance piping ranging from 18-inch to 24-inch diameter, a booster station, and a permanent access road and fencing.
- The scope of this design contract includes other subcontracted efforts including topographical ground survey, geotechnical borings and evaluation, permitting (TCEQ), and funding support (Texas Water Development Board, TWDB), and geohydrological modeling.
- The broad fee summary for this $1,999,300 contract is:
- Project Management $52,100
- Design Services $1,250,100
- Bidding Services $80,000
- Construction Phase Services $412,000
- Well Observation $205,100
- Funding for this project is the Water Fund in the near term; however, through a reimbursement resolution the Water Fund may be reimbursed from future bond funds.
AND TO PAY FOR IT –> Adoption of a Reimbursement Resolution to reimburse the Water Fund from future bond issuance for a not to exceed amount of $1,999,300 for the Design Services Contract with CDM Smith for the final design phase, bid phase services, well drilling observation services, and engineering services during the construction of the City of Bryan Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) project, City Job Number 611-D6-2609.
Approval of a contract for the 2026 Street Maintenance Asphalt Repair with Larry Young Paving, Inc for a not to exceed amount of $5,141,797.50
- The 2026 Street Maintenance Asphalt Repair contract includes street maintenance repairs such as asphalt overlays, full depth mill, mix-in-place, and street markings. This contract consists of sixty-seven (67) streets for a total of approximately 15.7 miles of roadway. In addition to pavement repair, spot curb and gutter repair will be done as needed, a large portion of pavement marking replacement and installation will be completed, and a specialized arborist plan will be engaged to protect the trees along the portion of Copperfield Drive to be repaired in the Miramont subdivision.
- The list of streets to be repaired includes but is not limited to:
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- East 29th Street from Briarcrest Drive to Memorial Drive
- Balsam Court from Blue Belle Drive to Balsam Court
- Campus Drive from Oak Ridge Drive to Briarcrest Drive
- Copperfield Drive from FM 1179 to pavement transition
- North Traditions Boulevard from Traditions Boulevard to pavement split at median
- Villa Maria Road from WJB Parkway to East 29th Street
- A map of the roadways included in this contract are included in Attachment 2. A map of roadway markings is included in Attachment 3 but is not limited to roadways that will be repaired.
- Three (3) competitive bids were received and opened on June 5, 2026. Larry Young Paving, Inc. (LYP) submitted the low bid at $5,141,797.50 representing the best value to the City. The contractor has 179 days to complete the work.
Approval of the Second Extension for Purchase of Fuel with Casey’s Marketing Company in the not to exceed amount of $1,800,000.
- Water Services respectfully requests City Council consideration for approval of the second contract extension for purchase of diesel and unleaded gasoline from Casey’s Marketing Company (“Casey’s”). The current fuel contract with Casey’s expires August 31, 2026.
- On July 19, 2024, Texas A&M University hosted a joint Request for Proposal (TAMU-RFP-24-4608) with the City of Bryan, City of College Station, Brazos County, Bryan ISD, College Station ISD, and BVSWMA for diesel and unleaded fuel. Consolidating the fuel needs of all entities under a joint proposal establishes a method of purchasing power to yield better contract pricing opposed to each entity bidding fuel needs independently. The proposed extension is the second of four possible extensions resulting in a possible five-year total term.
- The City usually orders 8,000 gallons or more at a time.
Approval of a contract for purchase of chlorine gas from PVS DS, Inc. for a not to exceed amount of $626,920
- On June 1, 2026, one (1) sealed bid was received and opened for the purchase of chlorine gas (Request for Bid #26-039). The sole bid received was the bid submitted by PVS DX, Inc. in the not to exceed amount of $626,920. PVS DX, Inc. serves as the City’s current provider of chlorine gas.
- Chlorine gas is used by both water production and wastewater treatment facilities for disinfection purposes. The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) requires the use of chlorine in the treatment of water for potable use. TCEQ also requires treated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant to undergo disinfection from an approved method before being released into the waterways of Texas. The City uses chlorine gas to meet this permit requirement. This contract is for the annual estimated needs of both departments.
- Purchase History:
- BPO 251266 (FY26) $444,170.90 (current contract expiring 9/23/2026)
- BPO 241192 (FY25) $623,675
- BPO 240669/231264 (FY24) $585,800
- Chlorine usage is highly influenced by weather conditions. Hot, dry weather increases drinking water production, which in turn requires additional chlorine for disinfection. Conversely, wet weather increases chlorine demand for wastewater treatment. To better account for these seasonal usage fluctuations, the requested quantities under the presented contract have been increased to 255 one-ton cylinders and fifty (50) 150-pound cylinders. A change in the global market and certainty for chlorine gas has resulting in a savings of $2,705 when compared to the preceding contract not to exceed amount $629,625 (RFB #23-053: 235 one-ton cylinders and thirty (30) 150-pound cylinders + Change Order No. 1 of $50,000).
- Water Services respectfully requests the City Council approve the purchase of chlorine gas with PVS DX, Inc. in the not to exceed amount of $626,920. The City of Bryan has an option of extending the Contract with PVS DX, Inc. for four (4) additional one (1) year terms extended one (1) year at a time.
Easement release request case no. ER26-02, consideration of a resolution of the City of Bryan, Texas, authorizing the release of a 0.236-acre portion of a 0.394-acre City of Bryan waterline easement, as recorded in Volume 19807, Page 248, of the Official Property Records of Brazos County, Texas, extending approximately 375 feet southwest and 135 feet northwest across a 6.32-acre tract at 197 North Earl Rudder Freeway in Bryan, Brazos County, Texas
- The applicant, Schultz Engineering, LLC, on behalf of the property owner, Goncloss Realty, LP, is requesting the release of a 0.236-acre portion of a 0.394-acre City of Bryan waterline easement that extends approximately 375 feet southwest and 135 feet northwest across a 6.32-acre tract at 197 North Earl Rudder Freeway.
- On April 9, 2025, the subject 0.394-acre City of Bryan waterline easement was dedicated by separate instrument to the City of Bryan by the current property owner. The waterline easement was intended to accommodate an 8-inch waterline maintained by the City, extending through the subject property at 197 North Earl Rudder Freeway.
- On May 6, 2025, the City approved a site plan for the proposed construction of an automobile sales and service building (Sterling Kia) on the subject property. The site plan depicted the proposed waterline in the easement.
- The property owners have since decided to reroute the new waterline to avoid conflicts with the proposed concrete off-street parking area. A new waterline easement will be dedicated along the southeast property line to accommodate the new waterline location. City staff does not foresee a public purpose for future use for the easement portion requested to be abandoned.
- Only Bryan’s City Council may authorize the release of easements intended for public use that were dedicated by a legal instrument other than a subdivision plat.
Approval of a Resolution authorizing the approval of an Interlocal Agreement with Bryan Independent School District for School Year 2026 – 2027 for the School Resource Unit, with the City’s share of the cost being $413,925
- Historically, the City of Bryan and Bryan Independent School District (BISD) have adopted an Interlocal Agreement to outline police services provided to BISD by the Bryan Police Department School Resource Unit (SRU). The Interlocal Agreement outlines the terms, obligations, responsibilities, and cost sharing between the City of Bryan and BISD.
- BISD is responsible for reimbursing the City of Bryan for approximately 75% of the annual salaries and benefits for the officers assigned to the SRU. The annual salaries and benefits for ten (10) officers and one (1) sergeant is $1,527,207. BISD agrees to pay approximately 75% of this cost, which totals $1,113,282. The percent is based on removing certain costs from consideration. The City of Bryan agrees to cover the remaining approximately 25% of this cost, which totals $413,925. These percentages are approximate as other costs (e.g., vehicles, etc.) are included in the calculation, which impacts the exact percentages.
- Prior to the expiration of the term for the Interlocal Agreement, either party can terminate the agreement without cause by giving the other party at least thirty (30) days advance written notice of its intent. The duration of the Interlocal Agreement is for one (1) year and shall be effective on August 1, 2026.
Adoption of an Ordinance of the City of Bryan, Texas, amending Chapter 126, “Vehicles for Hire,” of the Code of Ordinances to repeal and replace Article IV “Tow Truck and Vehicle Storage Business Regulations,” Section 126-156(c), relating to permit requirements for engaging in nonconsent tows.
- City staff was asked to conduct a comprehensive review of Chapter 126, Vehicles for Hire, Article IV, Tow Truck and Vehicle Storage Business Regulations, specifically Section 126-156(c) regarding nonconsent towing permit application deadlines. During this review, staff determined that Section 126-156(c) should be amended to provide greater flexibility in the permit application process. The current ordinance does not allow applications to be submitted after the annual application deadline, which may unnecessarily restrict participation by qualified towing companies throughout the year.
Approval of a Resolution establishing maximum fees for non-consent tows for wrecker service on public and private property in the City of Bryan.
- In November 2025, the Bryan City Council received a formal request from a local towing company to conduct a review of the maximum towing fees authorized for non-consent tows within the City of Bryan.
- Bryan Code of Ordinances, Article IV, Tow Truck and Vehicle Storage Business Regulations, Section 126-162, Maximum Fees to be Charged for Non-Consent Tows, requires the City Council to:
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- Establish maximum towing fees for tow companies performing non-consent tows by resolution;
- Ensure towing fees reflect the fair value of towing services; and
- Review towing fees annually upon request of a towing company.
- The current fee schedule is established by Resolution No. 3526, which was adopted in January 2014. Resolution No. 3526 established the following maximum allowable fees:
- Incident Management Tow Fees
- Light-Duty Tow (Gross Vehicle Weight up to 10,000 pounds): $150.00
- Medium-Duty Tow (Gross Vehicle Weight between 10,000 and 24,999 pounds): $225.00
- Heavy-Duty Tow (Gross Vehicle Weight of 25,000 pounds or more): $350.00
- Other Non-Consent Tow Fees
- Non-consent tow originating from private property: $125.00
- Drop fee: $50.00
- Winch fee: $35.00
- City staff conducted a comparative review of maximum towing fees authorized by neighboring municipalities, surrounding counties, and the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR). The review included Brazos County, Grimes County, Leon County, Madison County, Robertson County, the City of Navasota, and the City of Hearne and found Bryan’s current maximum towing fees are among the lowest authorized rates in the area. The study further determined the City’s existing fee schedule is significantly below current market rates and no longer reflects the fair value of towing services as required by Section 126-162 of the Bryan Code of Ordinances.
- The below table shows the current City of Bryan tow fees compared to surrounding cities and counties:
- Based on the findings of the study, staff recommends updating the maximum allowable towing fees to better reflect current industry standards and operating costs.
Adoption of a Resolution approving the City’s 2026 Annual Action Plan and authorizing the City Manager to submit the plan to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
- The 2026 Annual Action Plan (AAP) is the City’s formal application to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) and HOME Investment Partnerships Program (HOME) funds, and is due to HUD no later than August 16, 2026. This AAP implements funding strategies to accomplish the goals and objectives outlined in the City’s 2025-2029 5-Year Consolidated Plan (CP), which was previously adopted by the City Council on July 8, 2025. This year is the second (2nd) AAP of the 5-Year CP. The 2026 AAP CDBG allocation is $879,263, and the HOME allocation is $365,951.30. These grants are intended to primarily benefit low- to moderate-income households and special needs populations to address housing and other needs.
- The City Council appointed Community Development Advisory Committee (CDAC) reviews the AAP, receives public input, and makes final funding recommendations to the City Council for approval and submittal to HUD. The CDAC held two required public hearings, with the first having been on March 19, 2026, and the second on June 11, 2026. The CDAC unanimously approved the plan.
- An executive summary of the proposed plan is attached. Drafts of the full plans are provided on the Community Development Department website at: https://www.bryantx.gov/community-development/. Plans may also be reviewed at the City Secretary’s office, the Mounce Public Library, or the Development Center. The proposed AAP includes the following grant-funded programs to serve income eligible households:
- Major Rehabilitation/Reconstruction Program (CDBG/HOME) – Owner-occupied major rehabilitation or demolition/reconstruction, providing a zero percent (0%) interest repayable loan, with a portion of the loan payment deferred based on ability to pay.
- Minor Repair Program (CDBG) – Grants for health and safety improvements, including roofing, electrical, plumbing, heating, air conditioning, and accessibility, for owner-occupied homes, with funding ranging from $1,000 to $25,000, subject to lead-based paint requirements.
- Voluntary Demolition Program (CDBG) – Demolition and clearance of residential dilapidated structures, provided as a grant for eligible owners, or as a low-interest loan, or as an incentive to redevelopment.
- Down Payment Assistance Program (HOME) – First-time homebuyer assistance through a deferred, repayable loan up to $24,999.
- Community Housing Development Organizations (CHDOs) – Fifteen percent (15%) of HOME funds allocated for certified nonprofit development of affordable housing.
- Public Service Agencies (CDBG) – Fifteen percent (15%) of CDBG funds allocated to local nonprofits providing direct services to primarily low- and moderate-income residents of Bryan.
- Economic Development Program (CDBG) – Funding for low- and moderate-income (LMI) small businesses and microenterprises to create and retain jobs.
- Administration (CDBG/HOME) – Annual program maximums are twenty percent (20%) for CDBG and ten percent (10%) for HOME for staff salaries, supplies, and other costs necessary to administer the programs.
Approve a Development Agreement between the City of Bryan and Lamar Advantage Outdoor Company, LP, for the limited conversion of certain existing billboard sign structures to digital display in exchange for the permanent removal of other billboard structures within the City of Bryan and its extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ)
- Since 2003, the City of Bryan’s sign regulations, Bryan Code of Ordinances Chapter 98, prohibit new off-premise signs and billboards within the city limits. However, several existing billboard structures predate the current regulations and remain as legal nonconforming signs. The City’s sign regulations do not currently address the conversion of existing static billboard structures to digital display technology.
- Lamar Advantage Outdoor Company, LP (Lamar) have requested authorization to convert a limited number of existing nonconforming billboard structures to digital display. During its workshop meeting on February 10, 2026, City Council directed staff to negotiate a Development Agreement intended to reduce the overall number of billboard structures in the community while allowing a limited amount of modernization to Lamar’s existing billboard inventory.
- Under the proposed agreement, Lamar will be authorized to convert six (6) existing billboard sign structures to digital technology. In exchange, Lamar will permanently remove six (6) billboard structures containing none (9) static billboard panels from locations throughout the City and the City’s ETJ.
- The results of the agreement will be as follows:
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- removal of six (6) billboard structures, resulting in the removal of nine (9) static billboard panels totaling 2,472 square feet of sign area;
- a conversion of six (6) existing billboard sign structures to digital technology, resulting in a total of nine (9) digital billboard display panels and three (3) new static billboard panels at the approved locations;
- a net reduction of 130 square feet in aggregate billboard sign area among the conversion locations;
- a reduction in total billboard inventory within the City and its ETJ; and
- establishment of operational, illumination, maintenance, and enforcement standards for digital billboard displays.
- The agreement also includes provisions addressing message dwell times, brightness limitations, prohibition of animation and video displays, emergency messaging capabilities, architectural enhancements to converted structures, inspection requirements, enforcement mechanisms, and limitations on future billboard construction within Bryan’s ETJ during the term of the agreement.
- The agreement has a four-year term, during which all authorized removals and conversions must be completed. Any unused conversion rights automatically expire at the conclusion of the agreement term.
Approval of an Amendment to the City of Bryan Code of Ordinances as it relates to benches:
- Only benches constructed of natural stone will be permitted in City cemeteries. Benches will be required to be placed at the foot of the purchased plot, facing the headstone, and supplied and installed by an approved monument company. Existing benches installed in compliance with the current ordinance will be allowed to remain for a twelve (12) month grace period before removal, unless they become damaged, destroyed, or interfere with cemetery operations and maintenance.

